Agronomic Efficiency of Animal-Derived Organic Fertilizers and Their Effects on Biology and Fertility of Soil: A Review

Healthy soils are essential for progressive agronomic activities. Organic fertilization positively affects agro-ecosystems by stimulating plant growth, enhancing crop productivity and fruit quality improving soil fertility. Soil health food security the key elements of Agriculture 3.0. Landfilling and/or open-dumping animal wastes produced from slaughtering cause environmental pollution releasing toxic substances, leachate greenhouse gases. Direct application carcasses to agricultural fields can adversely affect microbiota. Effective waste management technologies such as thermal drying, composting, vermicomposting anaerobic digestion transform wastes, making them suitable supplying high in organic carbon total nitrogen. Recent practices applied recycled fertilizer production. However, plants may not survive at a rate due presence labile fraction wastes. Therefore, dose calculation determination frequency crucial agronomists. Long-term waste-derived supplementation promotes copiotrophic microbial abundance enhanced substrate affinity, provides micronutrients protects crops soil-borne pathogens owing formation plant-beneficial consortia. Animal organically fertilized possess higher urease acid phosphatase Furthermore, conversion is low-energy requiring process that circular bio-economy. Thus, considering promotion fertility, abundance, disease protection economic considerations animal-waste-derived should be mainstay sustainable agriculture.